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Turkish

Until 1928, Turkish was written using a modified version of the Arabic alphabet, but use of the Arabic alphabet was outlawed after the Latin alphabet was introduced. Turkish alphabet consists of 29 letters - 8 vowels and 21 consonants. Each letter has exactly one associated sound.

Latin alphabet for Turkish

Notes

• The letter Ğ is silent and makes the vowels before it long when it appears at the end of a word or before a consonant. When it appears between vowels it is either silent or is pronounced [y]
• The letters Q, X and W are not included in the official Turkish alphabet, but are used in foreign names.

One of the characteristic features of Turkish is the vowel harmony (A language is said to possess vowel harmony when it has a phonological rule that requires all vowels in a word to belong to a single class. Turkish has a 3-dimensional vowel harmony system, where vowels are characterized by three features: front, high and rounded.) Compound words are considered separate words with respect to vowel harmony: vowels do not have to harmonize between members of the compound. In addition, vowel harmony does not apply for loanwords and some invariant suffixes; there are also a few native Turkish words that do not follow the rule.

		Front	Back
High	Unrounded	i	ü
	Rounded	y	u
Low	Unrounded	e	a
	Rounded	ö	o

Stress is usually on the last syllable, with the exception of some suffix combinations and few words.

The so-called "soft g", "ğ" in Turkish orthography, represents the phoneme /ɣ/ and is pronounced as a front-velar or palatal approximant between front vowels. When it is word-final or followed by a consonant it becomes a lengthening of the previous vowel an in all other context not pronounced at all.

Turkish is known for having an abundance of suffixes and it has no prefixes (some Arabic loan words have their own prefixes, but those are the common prefixes of Arabic). There can be up to four or five suffixes attached to one word at the same time. Suffixes can derive words and also establish the tense meanings. In Turkish, all verbs are regular. Word order in Turkish is Subject-Object-Verb similar to Japanese and Latin, but unlike English.